<p>Previous research has consistently demonstrated that stock market prices experience a significant decline—ranging from two to three percentage points—when firms announce seasoned equity issues. Notable studies, including those by Asquith and Mullins (1986), Masulis (1986), and Smith (1986), have identified this negative reaction, with Smith (1986) specifically noting that the stock market's response to equity issuance is approximately 2.88 percent more adverse compared to debt issuance announcements. Additionally, Bayless (1994) provides evidence that the costs associated with issuing equity are substantially higher—between 35.4 to 48.6 percent more—than those for debt issues, as measured by Asquith and Mullins (1986). This body of work underscores a prevalent market phenomenon where equity issuance is perceived as more costly and unfavorable than debt issuance, reflecting investor skepticism and the financial implications of equity financing. This study aims to further investigate these dynamics and their implications for firms considering seasoned equity issues, shedding light on the underlying factors contributing to these market reactions and cost differentials.</p>